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印度莫臥兒(Mogul)帝國開國君主巴布爾,全名「咱喜魯丁.穆罕默德.巴布爾」(Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur, 1483-1530),1483年生於撒馬爾罕(Samarkand)。他的父親烏馬爾.謝赫.米爾札(Umar Shaikh Mirza, 1456-1494)是帖木兒家族的後裔,亦出生於撒馬爾罕,後被分封為費爾干那(Farghona)的君主(此即漢代西域「大宛」之故地,今烏茲別克共和國的浩罕(Kokand)地區),此人志大才疏,英年早逝,1494年巴布爾以十二歲之沖齡繼位時,父親遺留給他的只有家族中諸叔伯的忌妒和鄰國諸君主的仇恨。

但巴布爾展現了超齡的鬥志,十四歲時(1496年)就首度率兵進攻撒馬爾罕,企圖奪取霸權,重新統一帖木兒帝國(撒馬爾罕是其舊都);並在1497年再度進攻,這次他成功了。但巴布爾只佔領撒馬爾罕一百天,因為他的叔父在費爾干那篡奪了王位,此後巴布爾成為無家可歸的浪人,1498年他奪回費爾干那,1500年又被趕走,年底他又佔領了撒馬爾罕,但八個月後(1501年)被烏茲別克人(Uzbeg)的昔班尼汗(Shaiban Khan)驅逐,幾度輾轉流徙,1504年他進入阿富汗攻佔了喀布爾(Kabul),1511年聯合波斯王趕走烏茲別克人,三度進入撒馬爾罕,但又在1513-1514年間被迫撤退回喀布爾。

從1514年起,巴布爾暫時放棄了爭霸中亞的企圖,專心經略阿富汗地區,並向東南窺伺印度,往後約十年間,他整頓內政與軍隊組織,並從波斯引進了使用火砲的戰術。1522年他攻下了南部大城坎大哈(Kandahar就是今日賓拉登與蓋達組織的老本營),標誌著他鞏固了阿富汗的統治,奠定了征服印度的基礎。1524年巴布爾成功進兵旁遮普地區(Punjab),佔領拉合爾(Lahore),1526年他進逼德里(Delhi),德里蘇丹國的君主伊卜拉欣.勞迪(Ibrahim Lodi)親率大軍迎戰,雙方會戰於德里城西北的帕尼帕特(Panipat)。






伊卜拉欣的軍隊龐大,有些史家估計有十萬人,有些則估計為四萬人,無論如何,巴布爾的部隊只有一萬二千餘人,這是一場以寡擊眾的會戰。帕尼帕特位於薩特累季河(Satlej)與朱木拿河(Yamuna)之間的寬闊平原,這兩條河從北向南流,介於拉合爾與德里兩大城之間,成為東西向的屏障,印度君主若不能在開伯爾(Khyber)山口抵禦住來自西北的進攻,就一定要守住這兩河之間的區域。

對伊卜拉欣.勞迪的大軍而言,平原地形易於發揮人數的優勢,背靠德里則確保糧草供應無虞。不幸的是,巴布爾在長年征戰間,學習了烏茲別克人的戰術「圖魯格馬」(tulughma),也就是以精良的騎兵迂迴側翼,在同一時間與正面同時夾擊敵軍;此外,巴布爾聘請了兩位火砲專家阿里(Ali)與穆斯塔法(Mustafa),並經過了十年的苦心經營,敵人密集的大軍正好成為火砲的標靶,此外,巴布爾又以一排戰車加強部隊正面,以抵擋伊卜拉欣大軍的衝擊。相對的,伊卜拉欣缺乏戰鬥經驗,部隊陣行容易散亂,又個性吝嗇,不肯於戰前開國庫犒賞軍隊,其大軍組成複雜,人心渙散。

巴布爾和伊卜拉欣的部隊對峙了十幾天,巴布爾以騷擾戰術激怒伊卜拉欣主動出擊,引誘其大軍正面進攻巴布爾的火砲陣列,又故意將部隊後退,讓出一個陣地,使伊卜拉欣的大軍在行進間發生混亂。此時巴布爾火砲齊發,騎兵同時迂迴包夾伊卜拉欣的兩側,在火砲與騎兵的夾攻下,伊卜拉欣抵死不退,戰死沙場,其部隊慘遭殲滅,據說光在伊卜拉欣四周就戰死了五、六千人。帕尼帕特一役,巴布爾大獲全勝,乘勢攻下了德里與亞格拉(Agra),奠定了統一印度的基礎。幾年之間,巴布爾與其長子胡馬庸(Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun)在東西兩線同時征戰,打下了從撒馬爾罕直到孟加拉的廣大疆域。

巴布爾攻下了德里與亞格拉(相當於中國長安、洛陽兩京)後,盡開其寶庫大賞三軍,並將珍寶分贈波斯、中亞大小君主,一時間威名大震、廣結善緣。除了吸引許多中亞戰士加入巴布爾麾下,也讓長年隨他征戰的精兵悍將壓抑了思鄉之心,願意留在印度定居。1530年夏天,胡馬庸病危,巴布爾非常憂慮,據聞曾祈禱願代其長子而死,後胡馬庸痊癒,而巴布爾竟一病不起,於是年十二月逝世。巴布爾性格豪邁慷慨,精通波斯、突厥文詩歌,常在宴會之際、軍旅之間隨口吟誦,他本人也著有一本突厥文詩集(Diwan),並開創一種格律「巴布爾體」 (Khatti-i-Baburi,或稱「穆拜揚」Mubaiyan)。

但巴布爾最大的文學成就是他自己的回憶錄,《巴布爾回憶錄》(Tuzuk-i-Baburi,或Waqi-‘at-i-Baburi,或Baburnamah),不但是優美流暢的散文、精采的冒險故事,也是坦白吐露自身內心、練達分析他人性格、忠實紀錄事件的歷史文獻。巴布爾在《回憶錄》中穿插了許多因時因地書寫的詩歌,以下是從王治來的譯本中摘錄出的幾首,皆抄錄自王治來翻譯的《巴布爾回憶錄》(北京:商務印書館,1997),並標明頁數;此外,我也抄錄了John Leyde與William Erskine的英譯(引自:http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=03501050&ct=0),以供讀者查閱、對照。其詩多半無標題,其標題是筆者參照前後文,或取詩歌首句暫定,有時則節錄片段散文,權充詩歌本事。


[我說:「我的心靈呀!」]
--王治來 譯

(波斯文)
在罪惡中你到何時才能找到美味呢?
節欲也不乏吸引力,請嘗試一下吧!
(突厥文)
你為罪惡所玷汙已有多久?
你縱情享受已為時多長?
你損害自己的健康達到了什麼程度?

在你出發去進行聖戰之時,
你不止一次面對著死亡。
誰堅決去效死,你知道
在這種境地他將如何行動。

他將老遠地不犯一切禁忌
戒絕一切罪惡
我洗滌過去的罪惡後
發誓不再喝酒。[註]

凡是金、銀製造的酒瓶飲器,一切宴會用的東西
我當即命令收集起來,
通通將其打碎
我既不再喝酒,心中也感到安逸。

[註]巴布爾只宣布戒酒,但仍在吃麻餞。所謂的麻餞是majun的音譯,是用大麻葉,罌粟種子,馬錢子,菲沃斯屬植物,曼陀羅花種子等等,加入奶油,蜜餞而製成的餅.是巴基斯坦和印度等地區流行的毒品.

--頁536-7。

(Persian verse)—

How long wilt thou continue to take pleasure in sin?
Repentance is not unpalatable—Taste it.

(Turki verse)—

How great has been thy defilement from sin!—
How much pleasure thou didst take in despair!—
How long hast thou been the slave of thy passions!—
How much of thy life hast thou thrown away!—
Since thou hast set out on a Holy War,
Thou hast seen death before thine eyes for thy salvation.
He who resolves to sacrifice his life to save himself,
Shall attain that exalted state which thou knowest.
Keep thyself* far away from all forbidden enjoyments; Cleanse thyself from all thy sins.
Having withdrawn myself from such temptation,
I vowed never more to drink wine.

Having sent for the gold and silver goblets and cups, with all the other utensils used for drinking parties,
I directed them to be broken,
and renounced the use of wine, purifying my mind, and so recovered my peace of mind.

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[語言呀,我用你幹了什麼?]
--王治來 譯

語言呀,我用你幹了什麼?
你在戲謔中無論怎樣講,一切都是下流話,或是謊言。
如果你說:「我不想為此罪過而燃燒。」
那你就把馬從這個廣場牽走吧。
「我們的主啊!我們已自欺了,如果你不赦宥我們,
不慈憫我們,我們必定變成虧折者。」

--頁446。

(Turki verse)—

What can I do with you, O my tongue?
On your account I am covered with blood within:
How long, in this strain of satire, will you delight to compose verses,
One of which is impure, and another lying?
If you say, Let me not suffer from this crime,—
Then turn your reins, and shun the field.

(Arabic)—

O my Creator, I have tyrannized over my soul; and, if Thou are not bountiful unto me, of a truth I shall be of the number of the accursed.

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[我曾寫了一首小詩來描寫那些在去年離我而去的人]
--王治來 譯

你們,離開印度國的人們!
你們在那裡吃了苦,磨難受盡。
你們懷念那喀布爾的空氣清新,
故迅速離開印度前往故郡
在那裡找到追求的快樂與歡欣
還有安逸、愉悅和溫馨。
至於我們,要感謝真主,仍然活在凡塵,
不過痛苦與磨難交侵
心靈上的快慰與肉體上的辛苦並存
這你們知道,我們也明白在心。

--頁563-4。

(Turki)—

O ye that have left this country of Hind,
From experience of its hardships and sufferings!
Filled with the remembrance of Kabul and its delicious climate,
You deserted the sultry Hind;
You went and now have seen and enjoyed your country,
In pleasure and delight, in enjoyment and jollity;
Yet praise be to God, we have not perished,
Though exposed to many hardships and grief inexpressible;
You have escaped from pain of mind, and from bodily suffering,
and we too are beyond the reach of their attacks.

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[我在患病期間寫了三、四首柔巴依]
--王治來 譯

(10月12日),穆哈蘭月十六日,禮拜天,我發燒打擺子。在以後的二十五、六天當中,此病一再發作。我吃了瀉藥,最後才好。我因睡眠不足和口渴受夠了苦。

白天高燒折磨著我
到了晚上,我又失眠
二者猶如我的痛苦和忍耐,
一個逐漸高漲,另一個便消逝不見。

[註]柔巴依(Rubaiyat)是一種波斯四行詩詩,或譯為「魯拜」。

--頁567。


On Sunday, the 16th of Muharrem, I was seized with a fever and ague. The fever continued on me, at intervals, for twenty-five or twenty-six days. I took medicine, and finally recovered. I suffered much from want of sleep and from thirst. During this illness, I composed three or four quatrains. One is the following:

(Turki)—

Every day a severe fever hangs on my body,
And at night slumber flies from my eyelids;
These two are like my grief and my patience;
Till my last hour, the former goes on increasing, as the other diminishes.

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[下面這首柔巴依就反映了我困窘的心情]
--王治來 譯

由於戒酒,我心境紊亂,
我不知怎麼辦,感到意亂心煩。
所有的人都後悔並發誓戒酒,
而我卻在發誓戒酒後又感後悔。

--頁614。

Here is a quatrain which expresses exactly the difficulties of my position

(Turki verse)—

I am distressed since I renounced wine;
I am confounded and unfit for business,—
Regret leads me to penitence,
Penitence leads me to regret.

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[有一次,在我充滿愛戀和激情的時候]
--王治來 譯

有一次,在我充滿愛戀和激情的時候,有幾個人在我身邊。我們沿著一條街弄走去,忽然同八部里對面相遇。我立即陷於如此困窘之中,以至於幾乎要拔腿就跑。我完全不敢正視他,也不敢同他交談。我在極不好意思而又激動中走過去了。我想起穆罕默德.薩利赫寫的如下一副(波斯文的)對句:

我見到自己的朋友時總是感到難為情,
我的同伴看著我,我卻望著別處。

這副對句與情況相適合。在那種戀愛和追求的激情中和青年人的狂妄驅迫之下,我常常光著腦袋,赤著腳在大街小巷和果園的葡萄架下漫遊。不管對朋友還是對陌生人,我都不與為禮,我既不關心自己,也不關心別人。

(突厥文)
戀愛使我瘋狂不能自持,不知道
漂亮的情人是否也鍾情一致。

有時候,我就像一個瘋人,在山地和平原獨自漫遊,有時候,我穿過一條又一條的街巷,走到花園和郊外。我如此走走停停,並非出於自己的意願;無論在漫遊中,還是在停留時,我同樣沒有寧靜。

(突厥文)
我既無力行走,也無耐心停留;
這是你,我的心,是我成為這種狀況的俘虜。

就在這一年,速檀.阿利.米兒咱同穆罕默德.馬即德.答爾罕鬧翻了。

--頁117-8。


One day while this affection and attachment lasted, I was by chance passing through a narrow lane with only a few attendants, when, of a sudden, I met Bāburi face to face. Such was the impression produced on me by this rencounter, that I almost fell to pieces. I had not the power to meet his eyes, or to articulate a single word. With great confusion and shame I passed on and left him, remembering the verses of Muhammed Sālih:
I am abashed whenever I see my love;
My companions look to me, and I look another way.
The verses were wonderfully suited to my situation. From the violence of my passion and the effervescence of youth and madness, I used to stroll bare-headed and barefoot through lane and street, garden and orchard, neglecting the attentions due to friend and stranger; and the respect due to myself and others:

(Turki verse)—

During the fit of passion, I was mad and deranged; nor did I know
That such is his state who is enamoured of a fairy face.

Sometimes, like a distracted man, I roamed alone over the mountains and deserts; sometimes I went wandering about from street to street in search of mansions* and gardens. I could neither sit nor go; I could neither stand nor walk.

(Turki verse)—

I had neither strength to go nor power to stay;
To such a state did you reduce me, O my heart!

This same year a quarrel broke out between Sultan Ali Mirza and Muhammed Mazīd Terkhān…

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[這首詩是易卜拉因.楚赫拉送去的]
--王治來 譯

朋友們參加那美麗花園般的宴會,
但我卻不能奉陪。
那裡如有安寧康泰
感謝真主,這裡亦無不適。

--頁396。


I sent these lines by Ibrahīm Chihreh.

(Turki)—

My friends enjoy the rose-garden of beauty in this banquet,
While I am deprived of the delights of their society.
Yet since the charms of social bliss are theirs,
I breathe a hundred prayers that no evil may betide them.

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[在這封書信的背面,我寫了這麼一首詩]
--王治來 譯

微風呀,你如吹進她的內宮,
請讓她想起我這苦於別離的人;
她並不想念巴布爾,可他卻抱有希望
希望真主使她那鋼鐵般的心終將銷熔。

--頁397-8。


on the back of it I wrote the following verses:

(Persian)—

O Zephyr, if thou enter the sanctuary of that cypress,
Remind him of this heart-broken victim of separation—
The object of my love thinks not of Babur; yet I cherish
a hope
That God will pour pity into his iron heart—

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine


[在我寫作《穆秉》的日子,我產生了這樣的想法,它進入了我憂傷的心]
--王治來 譯

既有如此高雅嫻熟的語言,卻以惡劣的詞句來表達其思想,真是可憐。
曾產生過高尚思想的心靈,竟又出現卑鄙的設想,那真令人傷心。

[註]《穆秉》(Mubin)為巴布爾用突厥文撰寫的一部關於穆斯林法律的論文。

--頁445。


What can one do with a prodigy like you? What can be done with a she-ass that disembowels bullocks?

It may be almost needless to observe, that the rhyme, measure, and play of words, in the original, give these verses a great similarity to the former, which is totally wanting in the translation. They are a kind of parody of them.

--Translated by John Leyde & William Erskine




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